diff --git a/cmd/offline/main.go b/cmd/offline/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef3d5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/offline/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+    "flag"
+    "fmt"
+    "log"
+    "time"
+
+    cfgpkg "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/config"
+    offpkg "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/offline"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    configPath := flag.String("config", "", "path to JSON config")
+    out := flag.String("output", "", "output IQ file path")
+    duration := flag.Duration("duration", 2*time.Second, "generation duration")
+    flag.Parse()
+
+    cfg, err := cfgpkg.Load(*configPath)
+    if err != nil {
+        log.Fatalf("load config: %v", err)
+    }
+
+    gen := offpkg.NewGenerator(cfg)
+    if err := gen.WriteFile(*out, *duration); err != nil {
+        log.Fatalf("offline generation failed: %v", err)
+    }
+    fmt.Println(gen.Summary(*duration))
+}
diff --git a/docs/README.md b/docs/README.md
index cc7c87f..7763c11 100644
--- a/docs/README.md
+++ b/docs/README.md
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 - `go run ./cmd/fmrtx -print-config`
 - `go run ./cmd/fmrtx -config docs/config.sample.json`
 - `go run ./cmd/fmrtx --dry-run --dry-output build/dryrun/frame.json`
+- `go run ./cmd/offline -duration 500ms -output build/offline/composite.iqf32`
 
 ### Internal DSP module
 - `cd internal`
@@ -21,3 +22,8 @@
 
 The dry-run mode generates a synthetic, hardware-free frame summary based on the current config.
 It is intended as a no-hardware smoke path for the CLI and config/control-adjacent logic.
+
+## Offline generation
+
+`cmd/offline` generates a deterministic no-hardware IQ/composite-style file using the repository's output backend path.
+This is still an MVP path, but it is a more realistic offline artifact than the JSON-only dry-run.
diff --git a/internal/offline/generator.go b/internal/offline/generator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfad59b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/offline/generator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package offline
+
+import (
+    "context"
+    "encoding/binary"
+    "fmt"
+    "math"
+    "path/filepath"
+    "time"
+
+    cfgpkg "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/config"
+    "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/output"
+)
+
+type Generator struct {
+    cfg cfgpkg.Config
+}
+
+func NewGenerator(cfg cfgpkg.Config) *Generator {
+    return &Generator{cfg: cfg}
+}
+
+func (g *Generator) GenerateFrame(duration time.Duration) *output.CompositeFrame {
+    sampleRate := float64(g.cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz)
+    if sampleRate <= 0 {
+        sampleRate = 228000
+    }
+    samples := int(duration.Seconds() * sampleRate)
+    if samples <= 0 {
+        samples = int(sampleRate / 10)
+    }
+
+    frame := &output.CompositeFrame{
+        Samples:      make([]output.IQSample, samples),
+        SampleRateHz: sampleRate,
+        Timestamp:    time.Now().UTC(),
+        Sequence:     1,
+    }
+
+    leftFreq := 1000.0
+    rightFreq := 1600.0
+    pilotFreq := 19000.0
+    rdsFreq := 57000.0
+
+    for i := 0; i < samples; i++ {
+        t := float64(i) / sampleRate
+        left := 0.4 * math.Sin(2*math.Pi*leftFreq*t)
+        right := 0.4 * math.Sin(2*math.Pi*rightFreq*t+math.Pi/3)
+        mono := (left + right) / 2
+        stereo := (left - right) / 2 * 0.8 * math.Sin(2*math.Pi*38000*t)
+        pilot := g.cfg.FM.PilotLevel * math.Sin(2*math.Pi*pilotFreq*t)
+        rds := g.cfg.FM.RDSInjection * math.Sin(2*math.Pi*rdsFreq*t)
+        composite := (mono + stereo + pilot + rds) * g.cfg.FM.OutputDrive
+        frame.Samples[i] = output.IQSample{I: float32(composite), Q: 0}
+    }
+
+    return frame
+}
+
+func (g *Generator) WriteFile(path string, duration time.Duration) error {
+    if path == "" {
+        path = g.cfg.Backend.OutputPath
+    }
+    if path == "" {
+        path = filepath.Join("build", "offline", "composite.iqf32")
+    }
+    backend, err := output.NewFileBackend(path, binary.LittleEndian, output.BackendInfo{
+        Name:        "offline-file",
+        Description: "offline composite file backend",
+    })
+    if err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+    defer backend.Close(context.Background())
+
+    if err := backend.Configure(context.Background(), output.BackendConfig{
+        SampleRateHz: float64(g.cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz),
+        Channels:     2,
+        IQLevel:      float32(g.cfg.FM.OutputDrive),
+    }); err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+
+    frame := g.GenerateFrame(duration)
+    if _, err := backend.Write(context.Background(), frame); err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+    if err := backend.Flush(context.Background()); err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+    return nil
+}
+
+func (g *Generator) Summary(duration time.Duration) string {
+    return fmt.Sprintf("offline frame: freq=%.1fMHz sampleRate=%d duration=%s outputDrive=%.2f", g.cfg.FM.FrequencyMHz, g.cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz, duration.String(), g.cfg.FM.OutputDrive)
+}
diff --git a/internal/offline/generator_test.go b/internal/offline/generator_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c273b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/offline/generator_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package offline
+
+import (
+    "os"
+    "path/filepath"
+    "testing"
+    "time"
+
+    cfgpkg "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/config"
+)
+
+func TestGenerateFrame(t *testing.T) {
+    g := NewGenerator(cfgpkg.Default())
+    frame := g.GenerateFrame(50 * time.Millisecond)
+    if frame == nil {
+        t.Fatal("expected frame")
+    }
+    if len(frame.Samples) == 0 {
+        t.Fatal("expected samples")
+    }
+}
+
+func TestWriteFile(t *testing.T) {
+    cfg := cfgpkg.Default()
+    out := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.iqf32")
+    cfg.Backend.OutputPath = out
+    g := NewGenerator(cfg)
+    if err := g.WriteFile(out, 20*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+        t.Fatalf("WriteFile failed: %v", err)
+    }
+    info, err := os.Stat(out)
+    if err != nil {
+        t.Fatalf("expected output file: %v", err)
+    }
+    if info.Size() == 0 {
+        t.Fatal("expected non-empty file")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/internal/output/file.go b/internal/output/file.go
index 9d19f40..f79c8bb 100644
--- a/internal/output/file.go
+++ b/internal/output/file.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"
 )
 
@@ -21,6 +22,9 @@ type FileBackend struct {
 
 // NewFileBackend creates a writer that appends float32 interleaved I/Q pairs to the named file.
 func NewFileBackend(path string, order binary.ByteOrder, info BackendInfo) (*FileBackend, error) {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0o755); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create output dir: %w", err)
+	}
 	f, err := os.Create(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open output file: %w", err)
diff --git a/scripts/check.ps1 b/scripts/check.ps1
index 0e38dcf..d165dca 100644
--- a/scripts/check.ps1
+++ b/scripts/check.ps1
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
 go test ./...
 go run ./cmd/fmrtx --dry-run --dry-output build/dryrun/frame.json
+go run ./cmd/offline -duration 500ms -output build/offline/composite.iqf32
 Push-Location internal
 go test ./...
 Pop-Location