diff --git a/internal/audio/audio.go b/internal/audio/audio.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4328ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/audio/audio.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package audio
+
+// Sample represents a normalized audio sample in the range [-1, +1].
+type Sample float64
+
+const (
+	SampleMin Sample = -1.0
+	SampleMax Sample = 1.0
+)
+
+// Frame is a stereo pair of audio samples.
+type Frame struct {
+	L Sample
+	R Sample
+}
+
+// NewFrame creates a Frame from the provided left/right samples.
+func NewFrame(l, r Sample) Frame {
+	return Frame{L: l, R: r}
+}
+
+// Mono returns the (L+R)/2 signal used in MPX generation.
+func (f Frame) Mono() Sample {
+	return (f.L + f.R) / 2
+}
+
+// Difference returns the (L-R)/2 signal used for the stereo subcarrier.
+func (f Frame) Difference() Sample {
+	return (f.L - f.R) / 2
+}
+
+// Clamp ensures the sample stays within the legal range.
+func (s Sample) Clamp() Sample {
+	if s > SampleMax {
+		return SampleMax
+	}
+	if s < SampleMin {
+		return SampleMin
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// Scale adjusts the sample by a gain factor while keeping the result clamped.
+func (s Sample) Scale(gain float64) Sample {
+	return Sample(float64(s) * gain).Clamp()
+}
diff --git a/internal/dsp/oscillator.go b/internal/dsp/oscillator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f432eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dsp/oscillator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package dsp
+
+import "math"
+
+// Oscillator produces a sine wave at a configured frequency and sample rate.
+type Oscillator struct {
+	Frequency  float64
+	SampleRate float64
+	phase      float64
+}
+
+// Tick advances the oscillator by one sample and returns the current sine value.
+func (o *Oscillator) Tick() float64 {
+	if o.SampleRate <= 0 || o.Frequency == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	value := math.Sin(2 * math.Pi * o.phase)
+	step := o.Frequency / o.SampleRate
+	o.phase += step
+	if o.phase >= 1 {
+		o.phase -= math.Floor(o.phase)
+	}
+	return value
+}
+
+// Reset brings the phase back to zero.
+func (o *Oscillator) Reset() {
+	o.phase = 0
+}
+
+// Phase returns the current phase of the oscillator in [0, 1).
+func (o *Oscillator) Phase() float64 {
+	return o.phase
+}
+
+// PilotGenerator emits the 19 kHz pilot tone required by FM stereo.
+type PilotGenerator struct {
+	Oscillator
+	Level float64
+}
+
+// NewPilotGenerator constructs a pilot tone generator for the given sample rate and level.
+func NewPilotGenerator(sampleRate, level float64) PilotGenerator {
+	return PilotGenerator{
+		Oscillator: Oscillator{Frequency: 19000, SampleRate: sampleRate},
+		Level:      level,
+	}
+}
+
+// Sample returns the next pilot sample.
+func (p *PilotGenerator) Sample() float64 {
+	return p.Level * p.Oscillator.Tick()
+}
diff --git a/internal/mpx/combiner.go b/internal/mpx/combiner.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efe5391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/mpx/combiner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package mpx
+
+// Combiner defines the interface used to merge MPX primitives into a composite waveform.
+type Combiner interface {
+	Combine(mono, stereo, pilot, rds float64) float64
+}
+
+// DefaultCombiner combines components with configurable gains.
+type DefaultCombiner struct {
+	MonoGain   float64
+	StereoGain float64
+	PilotGain  float64
+	RDSGain    float64
+}
+
+// NewDefaultCombiner creates a combiner with sane default gains.
+func NewDefaultCombiner() DefaultCombiner {
+	return DefaultCombiner{
+		MonoGain:   1,
+		StereoGain: 1,
+		PilotGain:  1,
+		RDSGain:    1,
+	}
+}
+
+// Combine merges the provided MPX components.
+func (c DefaultCombiner) Combine(mono, stereo, pilot, rds float64) float64 {
+	return c.MonoGain*mono + c.StereoGain*stereo + c.PilotGain*pilot + c.RDSGain*rds
+}
diff --git a/internal/mpx/combiner_test.go b/internal/mpx/combiner_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed0b9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/mpx/combiner_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package mpx
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestDefaultCombinerCombine(t *testing.T) {
+	comb := NewDefaultCombiner()
+	value := comb.Combine(1, 0.5, 0.2, -0.1)
+	if math.Abs(value-1.6) > 1e-9 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected combined value: %v", value)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCustomGains(t *testing.T) {
+	comb := DefaultCombiner{MonoGain: 0.5, StereoGain: 2, PilotGain: 0, RDSGain: -1}
+	result := comb.Combine(1, 1, 1, 1)
+	if math.Abs(result-(0.5+2+0-1)) > 1e-9 {
+		t.Fatalf("custom gains not applied: %v", result)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/rds/config.go b/internal/rds/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c8c140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/rds/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package rds
+
+// RDSConfig holds configuration data used to build the RDS data stream.
+type RDSConfig struct {
+	// Program Identification – 16-bit school identifier for the broadcast.
+	PI uint16
+
+	// Program Service name (typically 8 ASCII characters).
+	PS string
+
+	// RadioText (up to 64 characters). Short messages describing the current song or info.
+	RT string
+
+	// Program Type (0-31 standard RDS PTY values).
+	PTY uint8
+
+	// Traffic Announcement (TA) flag.
+	TA bool
+
+	// Traffic Program (TP) flag.
+	TP bool
+
+	// SampleRate that the encoder will work against. Defaults to 48000 when zero.
+	SampleRate float64
+}
+
+// DefaultConfig returns a minimal config with sane defaults.
+func DefaultConfig() RDSConfig {
+	return RDSConfig{
+		PI:         0x1234,
+		PS:         "FM-RDS",
+		RT:         "Go-based MPX",
+		PTY:        0,
+		TA:         false,
+		TP:         false,
+		SampleRate: 48000,
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/rds/encoder.go b/internal/rds/encoder.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a62279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/rds/encoder.go
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+package rds
+
+import (
+	"math"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultBitRate    = 1187.5
+	defaultSubcarrier = 57000
+	defaultAmplitude  = 0.02
+)
+
+// Encoder emits a simple BPSK-like RDS subcarrier stream for offline MPX builds.
+type Encoder struct {
+	config     RDSConfig
+	sampleRate float64
+	bits       []float64
+	bitRate    float64
+	subFreq    float64
+	amplitude  float64
+
+	bitPhase float64
+	bitIndex int
+	subPhase float64
+}
+
+// NewEncoder builds a new encoder for the provided configuration and sample rate.
+func NewEncoder(cfg RDSConfig) (*Encoder, error) {
+	if cfg.SampleRate <= 0 {
+		cfg.SampleRate = 48000
+	}
+
+	bits := buildBits(cfg)
+	if len(bits) == 0 {
+		bits = []float64{1}
+	}
+
+	return &Encoder{
+		config:     cfg,
+		sampleRate: cfg.SampleRate,
+		bits:       bits,
+		bitRate:    defaultBitRate,
+		subFreq:    defaultSubcarrier,
+		amplitude:  defaultAmplitude,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Reset restarts the encoder phases so Generate outputs from the beginning of the bit stream again.
+func (e *Encoder) Reset() {
+	e.bitPhase = 0
+	e.bitIndex = 0
+	e.subPhase = 0
+}
+
+// Generate produces the requested number of RDS samples.
+func (e *Encoder) Generate(samples int) []float64 {
+	out := make([]float64, samples)
+	if len(e.bits) == 0 || samples == 0 {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < samples; i++ {
+		out[i] = e.nextSample()
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (e *Encoder) nextSample() float64 {
+	symbol := e.bits[e.bitIndex]
+	value := e.amplitude * symbol * math.Sin(2*math.Pi*e.subPhase)
+	e.subPhase += e.subFreq / e.sampleRate
+	if e.subPhase >= 1 {
+		e.subPhase -= math.Floor(e.subPhase)
+	}
+
+	e.bitPhase += e.bitRate / e.sampleRate
+	if e.bitPhase >= 1 {
+		steps := int(e.bitPhase)
+		e.bitIndex = (e.bitIndex + steps) % len(e.bits)
+		e.bitPhase -= float64(steps)
+	}
+
+	return value
+}
+
+func buildBits(cfg RDSConfig) []float64 {
+	var bits []float64
+	bits = append(bits, wordToBits(cfg.PI)...)
+	status := uint8(cfg.PTY&0x1F) | boolToBit(cfg.TP)<<7 | boolToBit(cfg.TA)<<6
+	bits = append(bits, byteToBits(status)...)
+	bits = append(bits, stringToBits(cfg.PS)...)
+	bits = append(bits, stringToBits(cfg.RT)...)
+	return bits
+}
+
+func wordToBits(word uint16) []float64 {
+	bits := make([]float64, 0, 16)
+	for i := 15; i >= 0; i-- {
+		bits = append(bits, bitToSymbol(uint8((word>>i)&1)))
+	}
+	return bits
+}
+
+func byteToBits(b uint8) []float64 {
+	bits := make([]float64, 0, 8)
+	for i := 7; i >= 0; i-- {
+		bits = append(bits, bitToSymbol(uint8((b>>i)&1)))
+	}
+	return bits
+}
+
+func stringToBits(text string) []float64 {
+	bits := make([]float64, 0, len(text)*8)
+	for i := 0; i < len(text); i++ {
+		for bit := 7; bit >= 0; bit-- {
+			bits = append(bits, bitToSymbol(uint8((text[i]>>bit)&1)))
+		}
+	}
+	return bits
+}
+
+func bitToSymbol(bit uint8) float64 {
+	if bit == 0 {
+		return -1
+	}
+	return 1
+}
+
+func boolToBit(value bool) uint8 {
+	if value {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return 0
+}
diff --git a/internal/rds/encoder_test.go b/internal/rds/encoder_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..964acee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/rds/encoder_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package rds
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestEncoderGenerate(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	enc, err := NewEncoder(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	samples := enc.Generate(128)
+	if len(samples) != 128 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 128 samples, got %d", len(samples))
+	}
+
+	var max float64
+	var sum float64
+	for _, s := range samples {
+		sum += math.Abs(s)
+		if math.Abs(s) > max {
+			max = math.Abs(s)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if sum == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero samples")
+	}
+
+	if max > 0.1 {
+		t.Fatalf("samples exceed configured amplitude: %v", max)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncoderReset(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	enc, err := NewEncoder(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sampleA := enc.Generate(1)[0]
+	enc.Generate(10)
+	enc.Reset()
+	if sampleB := enc.Generate(1)[0]; math.Abs(sampleA-sampleB) > 1e-9 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected reset to replay initial sample: %v vs %v", sampleA, sampleB)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/stereo/encoder.go b/internal/stereo/encoder.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d021bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/stereo/encoder.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package stereo
+
+import (
+	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/audio"
+	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/dsp"
+)
+
+// Components holds the individual MPX components produced by the stereo encoder.
+type Components struct {
+	Mono   float64 // L+R baseband
+	Stereo float64 // L-R baseband on suppressed carrier
+	Pilot  float64 // 19 kHz pilot tone
+}
+
+// StereoEncoder generates stereo MPX primitives from stereo audio frames.
+type StereoEncoder struct {
+	pilot       dsp.PilotGenerator
+	LevelStereo float64
+}
+
+// NewStereoEncoder creates a StereoEncoder configured for the provided sample rate.
+func NewStereoEncoder(sampleRate float64) StereoEncoder {
+	return StereoEncoder{
+		pilot:       dsp.NewPilotGenerator(sampleRate, 0.1),
+		LevelStereo: 0.75,
+	}
+}
+
+// Encode converts a stereo frame into MPX components.
+func (s *StereoEncoder) Encode(frame audio.Frame) Components {
+	return Components{
+		Mono:   float64(frame.Mono()),
+		Stereo: float64(frame.Difference()) * s.LevelStereo,
+		Pilot:  s.pilot.Sample(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Reset restarts the pilot generator phase.
+func (s *StereoEncoder) Reset() {
+	s.pilot.Reset()
+}
diff --git a/internal/stereo/encoder_test.go b/internal/stereo/encoder_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..453de1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/stereo/encoder_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package stereo
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/audio"
+)
+
+func TestStereoEncoderEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	enc := NewStereoEncoder(48000)
+	frame := audio.NewFrame(1, -1)
+	result := enc.Encode(frame)
+
+	if diff := result.Mono; math.Abs(diff) > 1e-9 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected mono 0, got %v", diff)
+	}
+
+	expected := 0.75 * ((1 - (-1)) / 2.0)
+	if math.Abs(result.Stereo-expected) > 1e-9 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected stereo level: %v", result.Stereo)
+	}
+
+	if result.Pilot < -0.1 || result.Pilot > 0.1 {
+		t.Fatalf("pilot sample out of expected range: %v", result.Pilot)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStereoEncoderReset(t *testing.T) {
+	frame := audio.NewFrame(0.1, -0.1)
+	enc := NewStereoEncoder(48000)
+
+	initial := make([]float64, 0, 4)
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		initial = append(initial, enc.Encode(frame).Pilot)
+	}
+
+	enc.Reset()
+
+	afterReset := make([]float64, 0, 4)
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		afterReset = append(afterReset, enc.Encode(frame).Pilot)
+	}
+
+	for i := range initial {
+		if math.Abs(initial[i]-afterReset[i]) > 1e-9 {
+			t.Fatalf("reset failed at sample %d: %v vs %v", i, initial[i], afterReset[i])
+		}
+	}
+}