fm-rds-tx/internal/app/engine.go

package app

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"math"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/audio"
	cfgpkg "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/config"
	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/license"
	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/dsp"
	offpkg "github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/offline"
	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/output"
	"github.com/jan/fm-rds-tx/internal/platform"
)

type EngineState int

const (
	EngineIdle EngineState = iota
	EngineRunning
	EngineStopping
)

func (s EngineState) String() string {
	switch s {
	case EngineIdle:
		return "idle"
	case EngineRunning:
		return "running"
	case EngineStopping:
		return "stopping"
	default:
		return "unknown"
	}
}

type RuntimeState string

const (
	RuntimeStateIdle         RuntimeState = "idle"
	RuntimeStateArming       RuntimeState = "arming"
	RuntimeStatePrebuffering RuntimeState = "prebuffering"
	RuntimeStateRunning      RuntimeState = "running"
	RuntimeStateDegraded     RuntimeState = "degraded"
	RuntimeStateMuted        RuntimeState = "muted"
	RuntimeStateFaulted      RuntimeState = "faulted"
	RuntimeStateStopping     RuntimeState = "stopping"
)

func updateMaxDuration(dst *atomic.Uint64, d time.Duration) {
	v := uint64(d)
	for {
		cur := dst.Load()
		if v <= cur {
			return
		}
		if dst.CompareAndSwap(cur, v) {
			return
		}
	}
}

func durationMs(ns uint64) float64 {
	return float64(ns) / float64(time.Millisecond)
}

type EngineStats struct {
	State                       string              `json:"state"`
	RuntimeStateDurationSeconds float64             `json:"runtimeStateDurationSeconds"`
	ChunksProduced              uint64              `json:"chunksProduced"`
	TotalSamples                uint64              `json:"totalSamples"`
	Underruns                   uint64              `json:"underruns"`
	LateBuffers                 uint64              `json:"lateBuffers,omitempty"`
	LastError                   string              `json:"lastError,omitempty"`
	UptimeSeconds               float64             `json:"uptimeSeconds"`
	MaxCycleMs                  float64             `json:"maxCycleMs,omitempty"`
	MaxGenerateMs               float64             `json:"maxGenerateMs,omitempty"`
	MaxUpsampleMs               float64             `json:"maxUpsampleMs,omitempty"`
	MaxWriteMs                  float64             `json:"maxWriteMs,omitempty"`
	MaxQueueResidenceMs         float64             `json:"maxQueueResidenceMs,omitempty"`
	MaxPipelineLatencyMs        float64             `json:"maxPipelineLatencyMs,omitempty"`
	Queue                       output.QueueStats   `json:"queue"`
	RuntimeIndicator            RuntimeIndicator    `json:"runtimeIndicator"`
	RuntimeAlert                string              `json:"runtimeAlert,omitempty"`
	AppliedFrequencyMHz         float64             `json:"appliedFrequencyMHz"`
	ActivePS                    string              `json:"activePS,omitempty"`
	ActiveRadioText             string              `json:"activeRadioText,omitempty"`
	LastFault                   *FaultEvent         `json:"lastFault,omitempty"`
	DegradedTransitions         uint64              `json:"degradedTransitions"`
	MutedTransitions            uint64              `json:"mutedTransitions"`
	FaultedTransitions          uint64              `json:"faultedTransitions"`
	FaultCount                  uint64              `json:"faultCount"`
	FaultHistory                []FaultEvent        `json:"faultHistory,omitempty"`
	TransitionHistory           []RuntimeTransition `json:"transitionHistory,omitempty"`
}

type RuntimeIndicator string

const (
	RuntimeIndicatorNormal        RuntimeIndicator = "normal"
	RuntimeIndicatorDegraded      RuntimeIndicator = "degraded"
	RuntimeIndicatorQueueCritical RuntimeIndicator = "queueCritical"
)

type RuntimeTransition struct {
	Time     time.Time    `json:"time"`
	From     RuntimeState `json:"from"`
	To       RuntimeState `json:"to"`
	Severity string       `json:"severity"`
}

const (
	lateBufferIndicatorWindow        = 2 * time.Second
	writeLateTolerance               = 10 * time.Millisecond
	queueCriticalStreakThreshold     = 3
	queueMutedStreakThreshold        = queueCriticalStreakThreshold * 2
	queueMutedRecoveryThreshold      = queueCriticalStreakThreshold
	queueFaultedStreakThreshold      = queueCriticalStreakThreshold
	faultRepeatWindow                = 1 * time.Second
	lateBufferStreakThreshold        = 3   // consecutive late writes required before alerting
	faultHistoryCapacity             = 8
	runtimeTransitionHistoryCapacity = 8
)

// Engine is the continuous TX loop. It generates composite IQ in chunks,
// resamples to device rate, and pushes to hardware in a tight loop.
// The hardware buffer_push call is blocking — it returns when the hardware
// has consumed the previous buffer and is ready for the next one.
// This naturally paces the loop to real-time without a ticker.
type Engine struct {
	cfg           cfgpkg.Config
	driver        platform.SoapyDriver
	generator     *offpkg.Generator
	upsampler     *dsp.FMUpsampler // nil = same-rate, non-nil = split-rate
	chunkDuration time.Duration
	deviceRate    float64
	frameQueue    *output.FrameQueue

	mu           sync.Mutex
	state        EngineState
	cancel       context.CancelFunc
	startedAt    time.Time
	wg           sync.WaitGroup
	runtimeState atomic.Value
	stateMu      sync.Mutex // guards setRuntimeState check-then-store (NEW-2 fix)

	chunksProduced      atomic.Uint64
	totalSamples        atomic.Uint64
	underruns           atomic.Uint64
	lateBuffers         atomic.Uint64
	lateBufferAlertAt   atomic.Uint64
	lateBufferStreak    atomic.Uint64 // consecutive late writes; reset on clean write
	criticalStreak      atomic.Uint64
	mutedRecoveryStreak atomic.Uint64
	mutedFaultStreak    atomic.Uint64
	maxCycleNs          atomic.Uint64
	maxGenerateNs       atomic.Uint64
	maxUpsampleNs       atomic.Uint64
	maxWriteNs          atomic.Uint64
	maxQueueResidenceNs atomic.Uint64
	maxPipelineNs       atomic.Uint64
	lastError           atomic.Value // string
	lastFault           atomic.Value // *FaultEvent
	faultHistoryMu      sync.Mutex
	faultHistory        []FaultEvent
	transitionHistoryMu sync.Mutex
	transitionHistory   []RuntimeTransition

	degradedTransitions   atomic.Uint64
	mutedTransitions      atomic.Uint64
	faultedTransitions    atomic.Uint64
	faultEvents           atomic.Uint64
	runtimeStateEnteredAt atomic.Uint64

	// Live config: pending frequency change, applied between chunks
	pendingFreq atomic.Pointer[float64]
	// Most recently tuned frequency (Hz)
	appliedFreqHz atomic.Uint64

	// Live audio stream (optional)
	streamSrc *audio.StreamSource
}

// SetStreamSource configures a live audio stream as the audio source.
// Must be called before Start(). The StreamResampler is created internally
// to convert from the stream's sample rate to the DSP composite rate.
func (e *Engine) SetStreamSource(src *audio.StreamSource) {
	e.streamSrc = src
	compositeRate := float64(e.cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz)
	if compositeRate <= 0 {
		compositeRate = 228000
	}
	resampler := audio.NewStreamResampler(src, compositeRate)
	if err := e.generator.SetExternalSource(resampler); err != nil {
		// Should never happen: SetStreamSource must be called before Start().
		log.Printf("engine: SetExternalSource failed (called too late): %v", err)
		return
	}
	log.Printf("engine: live audio stream wired — initial %d Hz → %.0f Hz composite (buffer %d frames); actual decoded rate auto-corrects on first chunk",
		src.SampleRate, compositeRate, src.Stats().Capacity)
}

// SetLicenseState passes the license/jingle state and raw key to the generator.
// Must be called before Start(). key is used to derive the watermark payload.
func (e *Engine) SetLicenseState(s *license.State, key string) {
	e.generator.SetLicense(s, key)
}

// StreamSource returns the live audio stream source, or nil.
// Used by the control server for stats and HTTP audio ingest.
func (e *Engine) StreamSource() *audio.StreamSource {
	return e.streamSrc
}

func NewEngine(cfg cfgpkg.Config, driver platform.SoapyDriver) *Engine {
	deviceRate := cfg.EffectiveDeviceRate()
	compositeRate := float64(cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz)
	if compositeRate <= 0 {
		compositeRate = 228000
	}

	var upsampler *dsp.FMUpsampler

	if deviceRate > compositeRate*1.001 {
		// Split-rate: DSP chain runs at compositeRate (typ. 228 kHz),
		// FMUpsampler handles FM modulation + interpolation to deviceRate.
		// This halves CPU load compared to running all DSP at deviceRate.
		cfg.FM.FMModulationEnabled = false
		maxDev := cfg.FM.MaxDeviationHz
		if maxDev <= 0 {
			maxDev = 75000
		}
		// mpxGain scales the FM deviation to compensate for hardware
		// DAC/SDR scaling factors. DSP chain stays at logical 0-1.0 levels.
		if cfg.FM.MpxGain > 0 && cfg.FM.MpxGain != 1.0 {
			maxDev *= cfg.FM.MpxGain
		}
		upsampler = dsp.NewFMUpsampler(compositeRate, deviceRate, maxDev)
		log.Printf("engine: split-rate mode — DSP@%.0fHz → upsample@%.0fHz (ratio %.2f)",
			compositeRate, deviceRate, deviceRate/compositeRate)
	} else {
		// Same-rate: entire DSP chain runs at deviceRate.
		// Used when deviceRate ≈ compositeRate (e.g. LimeSDR at 228 kHz).
		if deviceRate > 0 {
			cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz = int(deviceRate)
		}
		cfg.FM.FMModulationEnabled = true
		log.Printf("engine: same-rate mode — DSP@%dHz", cfg.FM.CompositeRateHz)
	}

	engine := &Engine{
		cfg:               cfg,
		driver:            driver,
		generator:         offpkg.NewGenerator(cfg),
		upsampler:         upsampler,
		chunkDuration:     50 * time.Millisecond,
		deviceRate:        deviceRate,
		state:             EngineIdle,
		frameQueue:        output.NewFrameQueue(cfg.Runtime.FrameQueueCapacity),
		faultHistory:      make([]FaultEvent, 0, faultHistoryCapacity),
		transitionHistory: make([]RuntimeTransition, 0, runtimeTransitionHistoryCapacity),
	}
	initFreqHz := cfg.FM.FrequencyMHz * 1e6
	engine.appliedFreqHz.Store(math.Float64bits(initFreqHz))
	engine.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateIdle)
	return engine
}

func (e *Engine) SetChunkDuration(d time.Duration) {
	e.chunkDuration = d
}

// LiveConfigUpdate carries hot-reloadable parameters from the control API.
// nil pointers mean "no change". Validated before applying.
type LiveConfigUpdate struct {
	FrequencyMHz   *float64
	OutputDrive    *float64
	StereoEnabled  *bool
	PilotLevel     *float64
	RDSInjection   *float64
	RDSEnabled     *bool
	LimiterEnabled *bool
	LimiterCeiling *float64
	PS             *string
	RadioText      *string
	// Tone and gain: live-patchable without engine restart.
	ToneLeftHz    *float64
	ToneRightHz   *float64
	ToneAmplitude *float64
	AudioGain     *float64
}

// UpdateConfig applies live parameter changes without restarting the engine.
// DSP params take effect at the next chunk boundary (~50ms max).
// Frequency changes are applied between chunks via driver.Tune().
// RDS text updates are applied at the next RDS group boundary (~88ms).
func (e *Engine) UpdateConfig(u LiveConfigUpdate) error {
	// --- Validate ---
	if u.FrequencyMHz != nil {
		if *u.FrequencyMHz < 65 || *u.FrequencyMHz > 110 {
			return fmt.Errorf("frequencyMHz out of range (65-110)")
		}
	}
	if u.OutputDrive != nil {
		if *u.OutputDrive < 0 || *u.OutputDrive > 10 {
			return fmt.Errorf("outputDrive out of range (0-10)")
		}
	}
	if u.PilotLevel != nil {
		if *u.PilotLevel < 0 || *u.PilotLevel > 0.2 {
			return fmt.Errorf("pilotLevel out of range (0-0.2)")
		}
	}
	if u.RDSInjection != nil {
		if *u.RDSInjection < 0 || *u.RDSInjection > 0.15 {
			return fmt.Errorf("rdsInjection out of range (0-0.15)")
		}
	}
	if u.LimiterCeiling != nil {
		if *u.LimiterCeiling < 0 || *u.LimiterCeiling > 2 {
			return fmt.Errorf("limiterCeiling out of range (0-2)")
		}
	}
	if u.ToneAmplitude != nil {
		if *u.ToneAmplitude < 0 || *u.ToneAmplitude > 1 {
			return fmt.Errorf("toneAmplitude out of range (0-1)")
		}
	}
	if u.AudioGain != nil {
		if *u.AudioGain < 0 || *u.AudioGain > 4 {
			return fmt.Errorf("audioGain out of range (0-4)")
		}
	}

	// --- Frequency: store for run loop to apply via driver.Tune() ---
	if u.FrequencyMHz != nil {
		freqHz := *u.FrequencyMHz * 1e6
		e.pendingFreq.Store(&freqHz)
	}

	// --- RDS text: forward to encoder atomics ---
	if u.PS != nil || u.RadioText != nil {
		if enc := e.generator.RDSEncoder(); enc != nil {
			ps, rt := "", ""
			if u.PS != nil {
				ps = *u.PS
			}
			if u.RadioText != nil {
				rt = *u.RadioText
			}
			enc.UpdateText(ps, rt)
		}
	}

	// --- DSP params: build new LiveParams from current + patch ---
	// Read current, apply deltas, store new
	current := e.generator.CurrentLiveParams()
	next := current // copy

	if u.OutputDrive != nil {
		next.OutputDrive = *u.OutputDrive
	}
	if u.StereoEnabled != nil {
		next.StereoEnabled = *u.StereoEnabled
	}
	if u.PilotLevel != nil {
		next.PilotLevel = *u.PilotLevel
	}
	if u.RDSInjection != nil {
		next.RDSInjection = *u.RDSInjection
	}
	if u.RDSEnabled != nil {
		next.RDSEnabled = *u.RDSEnabled
	}
	if u.LimiterEnabled != nil {
		next.LimiterEnabled = *u.LimiterEnabled
	}
	if u.LimiterCeiling != nil {
		next.LimiterCeiling = *u.LimiterCeiling
	}
	if u.ToneLeftHz != nil {
		next.ToneLeftHz = *u.ToneLeftHz
	}
	if u.ToneRightHz != nil {
		next.ToneRightHz = *u.ToneRightHz
	}
	if u.ToneAmplitude != nil {
		next.ToneAmplitude = *u.ToneAmplitude
	}
	if u.AudioGain != nil {
		next.AudioGain = *u.AudioGain
	}

	e.generator.UpdateLive(next)
	return nil
}

func (e *Engine) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	if e.state != EngineIdle {
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return fmt.Errorf("engine already in state %s", e.state)
	}

	if err := e.driver.Start(ctx); err != nil {
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return fmt.Errorf("driver start: %w", err)
	}

	runCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	e.cancel = cancel
	e.state = EngineRunning
	e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateArming)
	e.startedAt = time.Now()
	// BUG-A fix: discard any frames left from a previous run so writerLoop
	// does not send stale data with expired timestamps on restart.
	e.frameQueue.Drain()
	e.wg.Add(1)
	e.mu.Unlock()

	go e.run(runCtx)
	return nil
}

func (e *Engine) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	if e.state != EngineRunning {
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return nil
	}
	e.state = EngineStopping
	e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateStopping)
	e.cancel()
	e.mu.Unlock()

	// Wait for run() goroutine to exit — deterministic, no guessing
	e.wg.Wait()

	if err := e.driver.Flush(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := e.driver.Stop(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	e.mu.Lock()
	e.state = EngineIdle
	e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateIdle)
	e.mu.Unlock()
	return nil
}

func (e *Engine) Stats() EngineStats {
	e.mu.Lock()
	state := e.state
	startedAt := e.startedAt
	e.mu.Unlock()

	var uptime float64
	if state == EngineRunning {
		uptime = time.Since(startedAt).Seconds()
	}
	errVal, _ := e.lastError.Load().(string)

	queue := e.frameQueue.Stats()
	lateBuffers := e.lateBuffers.Load()
	hasRecentLateBuffers := e.hasRecentLateBuffers()
	ri := runtimeIndicator(queue.Health, hasRecentLateBuffers)
	lastFault := e.lastFaultEvent()
	activePS, activeRT := "", ""
	if enc := e.generator.RDSEncoder(); enc != nil {
		activePS, activeRT = enc.CurrentText()
	}
	return EngineStats{
		State:                       string(e.currentRuntimeState()),
		RuntimeStateDurationSeconds: e.runtimeStateDurationSeconds(),
		ChunksProduced:              e.chunksProduced.Load(),
		TotalSamples:                e.totalSamples.Load(),
		Underruns:                   e.underruns.Load(),
		LateBuffers:                 lateBuffers,
		LastError:                   errVal,
		UptimeSeconds:               uptime,
		MaxCycleMs:                  durationMs(e.maxCycleNs.Load()),
		MaxGenerateMs:               durationMs(e.maxGenerateNs.Load()),
		MaxUpsampleMs:               durationMs(e.maxUpsampleNs.Load()),
		MaxWriteMs:                  durationMs(e.maxWriteNs.Load()),
		MaxQueueResidenceMs:         durationMs(e.maxQueueResidenceNs.Load()),
		MaxPipelineLatencyMs:        durationMs(e.maxPipelineNs.Load()),
		Queue:                       queue,
		RuntimeIndicator:            ri,
		RuntimeAlert:                runtimeAlert(queue.Health, hasRecentLateBuffers),
		AppliedFrequencyMHz:         e.appliedFrequencyMHz(),
		ActivePS:                    activePS,
		ActiveRadioText:             activeRT,
		LastFault:                   lastFault,
		DegradedTransitions:         e.degradedTransitions.Load(),
		MutedTransitions:            e.mutedTransitions.Load(),
		FaultedTransitions:          e.faultedTransitions.Load(),
		FaultCount:                  e.faultEvents.Load(),
		FaultHistory:                e.FaultHistory(),
		TransitionHistory:           e.TransitionHistory(),
	}
}

func (e *Engine) appliedFrequencyMHz() float64 {
	bits := e.appliedFreqHz.Load()
	return math.Float64frombits(bits) / 1e6
}

func runtimeIndicator(queueHealth output.QueueHealth, recentLateBuffers bool) RuntimeIndicator {
	switch {
	case queueHealth == output.QueueHealthCritical:
		return RuntimeIndicatorQueueCritical
	case queueHealth == output.QueueHealthLow || recentLateBuffers:
		return RuntimeIndicatorDegraded
	default:
		return RuntimeIndicatorNormal
	}
}

func runtimeAlert(queueHealth output.QueueHealth, recentLateBuffers bool) string {
	switch {
	case queueHealth == output.QueueHealthCritical:
		return "queue health critical"
	case recentLateBuffers:
		return "late buffers"
	case queueHealth == output.QueueHealthLow:
		return "queue health low"
	default:
		return ""
	}
}

func runtimeStateSeverity(state RuntimeState) string {
	switch state {
	case RuntimeStateRunning:
		return "ok"
	case RuntimeStateDegraded, RuntimeStateMuted:
		return "warn"
	case RuntimeStateFaulted:
		return "err"
	default:
		return "info"
	}
}

func (e *Engine) run(ctx context.Context) {
	e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStatePrebuffering)
	e.wg.Add(1)
	go e.writerLoop(ctx)
	defer e.wg.Done()

	for {
		if ctx.Err() != nil {
			return
		}

		// Apply pending frequency change between chunks
		if pf := e.pendingFreq.Swap(nil); pf != nil {
			if err := e.driver.Tune(ctx, *pf); err != nil {
				e.lastError.Store(fmt.Sprintf("tune: %v", err))
			} else {
				e.appliedFreqHz.Store(math.Float64bits(*pf))
				log.Printf("engine: tuned to %.3f MHz", *pf/1e6)
			}
		}

		t0 := time.Now()
		frame := e.generator.GenerateFrame(e.chunkDuration)
		frame.GeneratedAt = t0
		t1 := time.Now()
		if e.upsampler != nil {
			frame = e.upsampler.Process(frame)
			frame.GeneratedAt = t0
		}
		t2 := time.Now()

		genDur := t1.Sub(t0)
		upDur := t2.Sub(t1)
		updateMaxDuration(&e.maxGenerateNs, genDur)
		updateMaxDuration(&e.maxUpsampleNs, upDur)

		// cloneFrame never returns nil when src is non-nil (NEW-3: dead nil check removed)
		enqueued := cloneFrame(frame)
		enqueued.EnqueuedAt = time.Now()

		if err := e.frameQueue.Push(ctx, enqueued); err != nil {
			if ctx.Err() != nil {
				return
			}
			if errors.Is(err, output.ErrFrameQueueClosed) {
				return
			}
			e.lastError.Store(err.Error())
			e.underruns.Add(1)
			select {
			case <-time.After(e.chunkDuration):
			case <-ctx.Done():
				return
			}
			continue
		}
		queueStats := e.frameQueue.Stats()
		e.evaluateRuntimeState(queueStats, e.hasRecentLateBuffers())
	}
}

func (e *Engine) writerLoop(ctx context.Context) {
	defer e.wg.Done()
	for {
		frame, err := e.frameQueue.Pop(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			if ctx.Err() != nil {
				return
			}
			if errors.Is(err, output.ErrFrameQueueClosed) {
				return
			}
			e.lastError.Store(err.Error())
			e.underruns.Add(1)
			continue
		}

		frame.DequeuedAt = time.Now()
		queueResidence := time.Duration(0)
		if !frame.EnqueuedAt.IsZero() {
			queueResidence = frame.DequeuedAt.Sub(frame.EnqueuedAt)
		}

		writeStart := time.Now()
		frame.WriteStartedAt = writeStart
		n, err := e.driver.Write(ctx, frame)
		writeDur := time.Since(writeStart)

		pipelineLatency := writeDur
		if !frame.GeneratedAt.IsZero() {
			pipelineLatency = time.Since(frame.GeneratedAt)
		}

		updateMaxDuration(&e.maxWriteNs, writeDur)
		updateMaxDuration(&e.maxQueueResidenceNs, queueResidence)
		updateMaxDuration(&e.maxPipelineNs, pipelineLatency)
		updateMaxDuration(&e.maxCycleNs, writeDur)
		queueStats := e.frameQueue.Stats()
		e.evaluateRuntimeState(queueStats, e.hasRecentLateBuffers())

		lateOver := writeDur - e.chunkDuration
		if lateOver > writeLateTolerance {
			streak := e.lateBufferStreak.Add(1)
			late := e.lateBuffers.Add(1)
			// Only arm the alert window once the streak threshold is reached.
			// Isolated OS-scheduling or USB jitter spikes (single late writes)
			// are normal on a loaded system and must not trigger degraded state.
			// This mirrors the queue-health streak logic.
			if streak >= lateBufferStreakThreshold {
				e.lateBufferAlertAt.Store(uint64(time.Now().UnixNano()))
			}
			if late <= 5 || late%20 == 0 {
				log.Printf("TX LATE [streak=%d]: write=%s budget=%s over=%s tolerance=%s queueResidence=%s pipeline=%s",
					streak, writeDur, e.chunkDuration, lateOver, writeLateTolerance, queueResidence, pipelineLatency)
			}
		} else {
			// Clean write — reset the consecutive streak so isolated spikes
			// never accumulate toward the threshold.
			e.lateBufferStreak.Store(0)
		}

		if err != nil {
			if ctx.Err() != nil {
				return
			}
			e.recordFault(FaultReasonWriteTimeout, FaultSeverityWarn, fmt.Sprintf("driver write error: %v", err))
			e.lastError.Store(err.Error())
			e.underruns.Add(1)
			select {
			case <-time.After(e.chunkDuration):
			case <-ctx.Done():
				return
			}
			continue
		}

		e.chunksProduced.Add(1)
		e.totalSamples.Add(uint64(n))
	}
}

func cloneFrame(src *output.CompositeFrame) *output.CompositeFrame {
	if src == nil {
		return nil
	}
	samples := make([]output.IQSample, len(src.Samples))
	copy(samples, src.Samples)
	return &output.CompositeFrame{
		Samples:        samples,
		SampleRateHz:   src.SampleRateHz,
		Timestamp:      src.Timestamp,
		GeneratedAt:    src.GeneratedAt,
		EnqueuedAt:     src.EnqueuedAt,
		DequeuedAt:     src.DequeuedAt,
		WriteStartedAt: src.WriteStartedAt,
		Sequence:       src.Sequence,
	}
}

func (e *Engine) setRuntimeState(state RuntimeState) {
	// NEW-2 fix: hold stateMu so that concurrent calls from run() and
	// writerLoop() cannot both see prev != state and both record a
	// spurious duplicate transition.
	e.stateMu.Lock()
	defer e.stateMu.Unlock()
	now := time.Now()
	prev := e.currentRuntimeState()
	if prev != state {
		e.recordRuntimeTransition(prev, state, now)
		switch state {
		case RuntimeStateDegraded:
			e.degradedTransitions.Add(1)
		case RuntimeStateMuted:
			e.mutedTransitions.Add(1)
		case RuntimeStateFaulted:
			e.faultedTransitions.Add(1)
		}
		e.runtimeStateEnteredAt.Store(uint64(now.UnixNano()))
	} else if e.runtimeStateEnteredAt.Load() == 0 {
		e.runtimeStateEnteredAt.Store(uint64(now.UnixNano()))
	}
	e.runtimeState.Store(state)
}

func (e *Engine) currentRuntimeState() RuntimeState {
	if v := e.runtimeState.Load(); v != nil {
		if rs, ok := v.(RuntimeState); ok {
			return rs
		}
	}
	return RuntimeStateIdle
}

func (e *Engine) runtimeStateDurationSeconds() float64 {
	if ts := e.runtimeStateEnteredAt.Load(); ts != 0 {
		return time.Since(time.Unix(0, int64(ts))).Seconds()
	}
	return 0
}

func (e *Engine) hasRecentLateBuffers() bool {
	lateAlertAt := e.lateBufferAlertAt.Load()
	if lateAlertAt == 0 {
		return false
	}
	return time.Since(time.Unix(0, int64(lateAlertAt))) <= lateBufferIndicatorWindow
}

func (e *Engine) lastFaultEvent() *FaultEvent {
	return copyFaultEvent(e.loadLastFault())
}

// LastFault exposes the most recent captured fault, if any.
func (e *Engine) LastFault() *FaultEvent {
	return e.lastFaultEvent()
}

func (e *Engine) FaultHistory() []FaultEvent {
	e.faultHistoryMu.Lock()
	defer e.faultHistoryMu.Unlock()
	history := make([]FaultEvent, len(e.faultHistory))
	copy(history, e.faultHistory)
	return history
}

func (e *Engine) TransitionHistory() []RuntimeTransition {
	e.transitionHistoryMu.Lock()
	defer e.transitionHistoryMu.Unlock()
	history := make([]RuntimeTransition, len(e.transitionHistory))
	copy(history, e.transitionHistory)
	return history
}

func (e *Engine) recordRuntimeTransition(from, to RuntimeState, when time.Time) {
	if when.IsZero() {
		when = time.Now()
	}
	ev := RuntimeTransition{
		Time:     when,
		From:     from,
		To:       to,
		Severity: runtimeStateSeverity(to),
	}
	e.transitionHistoryMu.Lock()
	defer e.transitionHistoryMu.Unlock()
	if len(e.transitionHistory) >= runtimeTransitionHistoryCapacity {
		copy(e.transitionHistory, e.transitionHistory[1:])
		e.transitionHistory[len(e.transitionHistory)-1] = ev
		return
	}
	e.transitionHistory = append(e.transitionHistory, ev)
}

func (e *Engine) recordFault(reason FaultReason, severity FaultSeverity, message string) {
	if reason == "" {
		reason = FaultReasonUnknown
	}
	now := time.Now()
	if last := e.loadLastFault(); last != nil {
		if last.Reason == reason && last.Severity == severity && now.Sub(last.Time) < faultRepeatWindow {
			return
		}
	}
	ev := &FaultEvent{
		Time:     now,
		Reason:   reason,
		Severity: severity,
		Message:  message,
	}
	e.lastFault.Store(ev)
	e.appendFaultHistory(ev)
	e.faultEvents.Add(1)
}

func (e *Engine) loadLastFault() *FaultEvent {
	if v := e.lastFault.Load(); v != nil {
		if ev, ok := v.(*FaultEvent); ok {
			return ev
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func copyFaultEvent(source *FaultEvent) *FaultEvent {
	if source == nil {
		return nil
	}
	copy := *source
	return &copy
}

func (e *Engine) appendFaultHistory(ev *FaultEvent) {
	e.faultHistoryMu.Lock()
	defer e.faultHistoryMu.Unlock()
	if len(e.faultHistory) >= faultHistoryCapacity {
		copy(e.faultHistory, e.faultHistory[1:])
		e.faultHistory[len(e.faultHistory)-1] = *ev
		return
	}
	e.faultHistory = append(e.faultHistory, *ev)
}

func (e *Engine) evaluateRuntimeState(queue output.QueueStats, hasLateBuffers bool) {
	state := e.currentRuntimeState()
	switch state {
	case RuntimeStateStopping, RuntimeStateFaulted:
		return
	case RuntimeStateMuted:
		if queue.Health == output.QueueHealthCritical {
			if count := e.mutedFaultStreak.Add(1); count >= queueFaultedStreakThreshold {
				e.mutedFaultStreak.Store(0)
				e.recordFault(FaultReasonQueueCritical, FaultSeverityFaulted,
					fmt.Sprintf("queue health critical for %d checks while muted (depth=%d)", count, queue.Depth))
				e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateFaulted)
				return
			}
		} else {
			e.mutedFaultStreak.Store(0)
		}
		if queue.Health == output.QueueHealthNormal && !hasLateBuffers {
			if count := e.mutedRecoveryStreak.Add(1); count >= queueMutedRecoveryThreshold {
				e.mutedRecoveryStreak.Store(0)
				e.mutedFaultStreak.Store(0)
				e.recordFault(FaultReasonQueueCritical, FaultSeverityDegraded,
					fmt.Sprintf("queue healthy for %d checks after mute", count))
				e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateDegraded)
			}
		} else {
			e.mutedRecoveryStreak.Store(0)
		}
		return
	}
	if state == RuntimeStatePrebuffering {
		if queue.Depth >= 1 {
			e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateRunning)
		}
		return
	}
	critical := queue.Health == output.QueueHealthCritical
	if critical {
		count := e.criticalStreak.Add(1)
		if count >= queueMutedStreakThreshold {
			e.recordFault(FaultReasonQueueCritical, FaultSeverityMuted,
				fmt.Sprintf("queue health critical for %d consecutive checks (depth=%d)", count, queue.Depth))
			e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateMuted)
			return
		}
		if count >= queueCriticalStreakThreshold {
			e.recordFault(FaultReasonQueueCritical, FaultSeverityDegraded,
				fmt.Sprintf("queue health critical (depth=%d)", queue.Depth))
			e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateDegraded)
			return
		}
	} else {
		e.criticalStreak.Store(0)
	}
	if hasLateBuffers {
		e.recordFault(FaultReasonLateBuffers, FaultSeverityWarn,
			fmt.Sprintf("late buffers detected (health=%s)", queue.Health))
		e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateDegraded)
		return
	}
	e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateRunning)
}

// ResetFault attempts to move the engine out of the faulted state.
func (e *Engine) ResetFault() error {
	state := e.currentRuntimeState()
	if state != RuntimeStateFaulted {
		return fmt.Errorf("engine not in faulted state (current=%s)", state)
	}

	e.criticalStreak.Store(0)
	e.mutedRecoveryStreak.Store(0)
	e.mutedFaultStreak.Store(0)
	e.setRuntimeState(RuntimeStateDegraded)
	return nil
}